Walnuts yog muag thoob plaws thaj tsam ntawm Asia, North America, South America, Europe thiab Middle East. USDA's 2025/26 walnut ntau lawm outlook muab Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Chile ntawm cov khw muag khoom loj tshaj plaws, thaum cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam kuj los ntawm Türkiye, Iran, Ukraine, qhov chaw ntawm European Union, Is Nrias teb thiab Central Asia. Rau cov neeg yuav khoom ntau, lub teb chaws ntawm keeb kwm tsuas yog thawj daim teb kom paub meej. Cultivar, qoob loo xyoo, sau lub sij hawm, ziab, cia, plhaub los yog kernel daim ntawv, qib thiab ntau cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim seb lub hauv paus chiv keeb puas haum cov khoom npaj.
Feem ntau cov khoom noj khoom haus Walnuts yog Persian lossis Askiv Walnuts
Thawj nqe lus nug yog hom. Walnut feem ntau dav pauv rau zaub mov yog Persian lossis Askiv walnut, Juglans regia. Dub walnut, Juglans nigra, yog ib yam khoom sib txawv nrog lub plhaub tawv, muaj zog tsw profile thiab kev lag luam cais. Cov lus hais uas hais tias tsuas yog "walnut" tuaj yeem tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb tsis tau daws.
Cov tsiaj sib cuam tshuam nrog cov qoob loo thiab cov khoom tsim. Ob lub Juglans regia tseem tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm lub plhaub zoo, cov txiv ntoo loj, cov xim xim, yooj yim tawg, tsw thiab cov khoom tawm los. Ib lub teb chaws tuaj yeem loj hlob ntau hom qoob loo hauv zos thiab qhia, yog li lub teb chaws keeb kwm tsis txhais tau tias ib qho walnut. Thaum cov qoob loo tseem ceeb rau cov khoom lag luam lossis cov txheej txheem tawg, tus neeg muag khoom yuav tsum txheeb xyuas nws lossis hais tias cov lag luam ntau yog cov khoom sib xyaw.
Qhov sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg yuav khoom txav ntawm walnuts nyob rau hauv lub plhaub thiab shelled kernels. Ib qho kev pabcuam hauv-plhaub tuaj yeem ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub plhaub kev ncaj ncees, qhov loj me, kev coj tus cwj pwm tawg thiab rov qab cov ntsiav. Ib lub khob cij los yog cov khoom cog cog yuav cov noob tuaj yeem ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov xim, ib nrab piv rau daim, tsw, noo noo thiab kev tswj cov khoom txawv teb chaws. Tib lub hauv paus chiv keeb tuaj yeem muab ob qho tib si, tab sis cov qauv kev lees paub tsis zoo ib yam.
Qhov Chaw Ua Lag Luam Tseem Ceeb Walnut Keeb Kwm Nyob
USDA Txawv Teb Chaws Agricultural Service's 2025/26 walnut ntau lawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws Meskas thiab Chile yog peb lub khw muag khoom loj tshaj plaws. Qhov qeb duas no teb cov lus nug ntawm thaj chaw nyob rau theem siab, tab sis nws tsis ua rau ib lub teb chaws xaiv tsis siv neeg rau txhua tus neeg yuav khoom. Txhua lub hauv paus chiv keeb muaj ntau thaj chaw tsim khoom, ntau yam, tus tuav thiab khaws keeb kwm.
| Keeb kwm los yog cheeb tsam | Hemisphere | Yog vim li cas nws tshwm nyob rau hauv ntiaj teb no Sourcing | Dab tsi tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum txheeb xyuas |
| Tuam Tshoj | Sab qaum teb | Loj ntau lawm puag nrog ntau lub xeev loj hlob walnut thiab ntau yam khoom hauv-plhaub thiab kernel. | Lub xeev lossis cheeb tsam loj hlob, hom lossis hom qoob loo uas cuam tshuam, xyoo qoob loo, qhov chaw ua haujlwm, qib, ntau qhov sib xws thiab cov ntaub ntawv xa tawm. |
| Tebchaws Asmeskas, feem ntau yog California | Sab qaum teb | Concentrated coj mus muag ntau lawm nrog tsim nyob rau hauv-plhaub thiab shelled grading channels. | Ntau yam uas cuam tshuam, xyoo qoob loo, cov xim xim los yog hauv-plhaub loj, handler specification, packing format thiab ntau-theem soj ntsuam pov thawj. |
| Chile | Qab teb | Southern Hemisphere ntau lawm tsim ib daim ntawv qhia hnub sib txawv thiab tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam walnut thoob ntiaj teb. | Lub xyoo sau qoob loo, qhov muaj qhov muaj tiag, lub sijhawm khaws cia, lub sijhawm xa khoom, muaj qib thiab seb tus qauv piv txwv li kev xa khoom xa tuaj. |
| Türkiye, Ukraine thiab European tsim lub teb chaws | Sab qaum teb | Kev tsim khoom hauv cheeb tsam suav nrog kev lag luam orchards thiab hauv zos cultivar systems pab kev lag luam hauv tsev thiab xa tawm. | Lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam, tus qauv qauv, ntau yam lossis sib xyaw-ntau qhov xwm txheej, kev ua thiab kev txheeb xyuas, cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb zaub mov thiab muab khoom txuas ntxiv. |
| Iran, Is Nrias teb thiab Central Asian keeb kwm | Sab qaum teb | Ntev-tsim walnut-loj thaj chaw nrog ntau yam khoom siv hauv zos thiab cov khoom siv-chain. | Hom, cheeb tsam, qoob loo xyoo, kev sib xws, lub plhaub thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, kev tuav pov hwm tom qab sau qoob loo, ntau qhov traceability thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua lag luam. |
Lub rooj tsis yog lub hauv paus qeb duas. Nws yog daim ntawv qhia kev yuav khoom. Lub teb chaws ua lag luam loj tuaj yeem muaj qhov dav dav tab sis kuj muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cheeb tsam thiab cov chaw muag khoom. Ib lub hauv paus me me tuaj yeem muab daim ntawv qhia zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig lossis cov qoob loo tshwj xeeb, tseem muaj qhov ntim me me lossis qib kawm. Qhov kev sib piv raug yog ntawm ntau ntau, tsis yog lub teb chaws lub koob npe nrov.
Yog vim li cas Walnut ntoo hlob nyob rau hauv Temperate Production Zones
Persian walnut ntau lawm yog txuam nrog rau thaj tsam huab cua uas muab lub caij ntuj sov dormancy voj voog, haum qhov kub thiab txias txaus rau kev loj hlob ntawm txiv ntoo. Ib FAO Walnut Research Inventory piav qhia txog kev cog qoob loo ntawm thaj tsam li 30 thiab 50 degrees sab qaum teb latitude thiab 30 thiab 40 degrees sab qab teb latitude. Cov thaj chaw muaj xws li cov hav dej hauv av, toj roob hauv pes thiab thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb irrigated es tsis yog ib hom kev nyab xeeb.
Lub caij ntuj no chilling, caij nplooj ntoos hlav Frost raug, lub caij ntuj sov tshav kub, dej muaj thiab av ntws yuav cuam tshuam rau orchard kev ua tau zoo thiab lub sij hawm sau qoob. Cov kev hloov pauv no kuj cuam tshuam. Ib cheeb tsam yuav muab lub caij ntuj no txaus tab sis ntsib Frost thaum lub sij hawm flowering. Lwm qhov yuav zam tsis dhau qhov Frost hnyav tab sis nyob ntawm kev siv dej ntau dua. Qhov sib txawv no pab piav qhia tias vim li cas tib hom tau sau nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv thiab vim li cas cov qoob loo raug xaiv rau cov xwm txheej hauv zos.
Cov ntaub ntawv huab cua yuav tsum tsis txhob hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom tiav tiav daim ntawv thov. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov siab tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab thaj chaw sov so tsis tuaj yeem tsis tsim nyog. Orchard tswj, cultivar, sau kom loj hlob, kom qhuav thiab cia yuav ntau dua ib tug dav dav piav qhia. Rau cov neeg yuav khoom, kev nyab xeeb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nkag siab txog lub sijhawm qoob loo thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xa khoom; Kev tshuaj xyuas ntau yog tseem xav tau rau kev txais khoom.
Lub teb chaws ntawm Keeb Kwm Tsis yog Walnut Qib
"Suav walnuts," "California walnuts" lossis "Chilean walnuts" qhia txog keeb kwm, tsis yog ib qho kev qhia tag nrho. Cov lus piav qhia kev lag luam siv tau kuj tseem txhais tau tias cov khoom puas nyob hauv lub plhaub lossis cov plhaub, qhov loj lossis cov khoom faib, cov xim xim, cov dej noo, qhov tsis xws luag, kev tswj cov khoom txawv teb chaws, xyoo qoob loo, kev ua haujlwm thiab ntim khoom. Yog tsis muaj cov teb no, ob tus neeg muag khoom los ntawm tib lub tebchaws tuaj yeem hais cov khoom sib txawv.
Keeb kwm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov cultivars thiab sau qhov rais muaj, tab sis tom qab sau qoob loo hloov cov qoob loo rau hauv cov khoom lag luam. Kev ziab kom qeeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob kernel. Kev txheeb xyuas tsis zoo tuaj yeem tawm hauv lub plhaub tawg lossis cov khoom tsis sib xws. Ntev cia nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo tuaj yeem txo qhov tsw freshness. Cov teebmeem no tshwm sim tom qab Walnut tau loj hlob, yog li zaj dab neeg keeb kwm tsis tuaj yeem hloov kev ua thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cia.
Txoj kev txiav txim siab ncaj nraim: cheeb tsam loj hlob thiab cultivar cuam tshuam rau cov txiv ntoo sau qoob loo; kev sau qoob loo thiab ziab kom qhuav cuam tshuam cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv cia; shelling, sorting thiab packing txhais cov qib salable; kev khaws cia thiab kev thauj mus los cuam tshuam qhov xwm txheej tau txais los ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. Txhua theem tsim ib qho kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv. Lub teb chaws ntawm keeb kwm kaw tsuas yog thawj tus.
Sau Hemisphere thiab qoob loo xyoo hloov daim ntawv qhia hnub khoom
Feem ntau lub hauv paus loj hauv Asia, North America, Europe thiab Middle East sau nyob rau sab qaum teb Hemisphere. Chile ua raws li Southern Hemisphere voj voog. Qhov no tsim lub sijhawm sib txawv thaum cov qoob loo tshiab walnuts nkag mus rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Lub sijhawm tiag tiag txawv ntawm cov qoob loo, latitude, huab cua thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, yog li RFQ yuav tsum nug txog lub xyoo qoob loo tiag tiag thiab lub qhov rais xa khoom xa tuaj es tsis txhob cia siab rau daim ntawv qhia hnub.
"Cov qoob loo tshiab" kuj xav tau kev txhais. Tej zaum nws yuav xa mus rau qhov kev sau qoob loo tsis ntev los no, thawj qhov ntim ntawm qhov sau qoob loo lossis tsuas yog cov lus piav qhia kev lag luam. Tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum thov lub xyoo sau qoob los yog qoob loo, hnub ntim khoom nyob qhov twg, cov xwm txheej khaws cia thiab cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb hauv lub neej. Cov qoob loo yav dhau los uas tau khaws cia rau hauv cov xwm txheej tswj tau tuaj yeem siv tau rau ib daim ntawv thov, thaum cov khoom lag luam pom zoo-kernel yuav xav tau cov qoob loo tsis ntev los no thiab kev ntsuas nruj dua.
Southern Hemisphere mov tsis tuaj yeem hloov tshiab, thiab Northern Hemisphere mov tsis tuaj yeem laus dua. Qhov kev txiav txim siab nyob ntawm hnub ntawm kev yuav khoom, lub sijhawm khoom xa tuaj, keeb kwm khaws cia thiab npaj siv. Sib piv cov qoob loo xyoo thiab tuav pov thawj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov sib piv hemisphere ib leeg.
Keeb Kwm tuaj yeem hloov pauv tus qauv qauv, tsis yog tus qauv lees txais
Thaum ntau lub hauv paus hauv kev tshuaj xyuas, tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum siv ib daim ntawv lees paub rau tag nrho cov qauv. Hloov cov qauv rau txhua lub teb chaws ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab tiv thaiv kev sib piv kev lag luam ncaj ncees. Tib daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau siv rau cov xim, tsw, kev ntxhib los mos, qhov loj me, cov khoom faib, lub plhaub, cov dej noo, qhov tsis xws luag thiab cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm.
Rau hauv-plhaub walnuts, cov qauv tshuaj xyuas tuaj yeem suav nrog qhov loj me, lub plhaub ruaj khov, staining, khoob txiv ntoo, kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev rov qab los ntawm lub plhaub thiab sib cais ntawm lub plhaub. Rau cov kernels, lub hom phiaj yuav hloov mus rau halves thiab pieces, xim faib, shrivel, tawv nqaij mob, tsw, tsw, noo noo thiab txawv teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv. Tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum hais cov qauv kom muaj nuj nqis thiab kev soj ntsuam cov qauv yog li cov qauv xaiv los ntawm tes tsis yog yuam kev rau tus neeg sawv cev ua lag luam ntau.
Kev soj ntsuam thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom noj yuav tsum ua raws li lub khw muag khoom thiab tus neeg yuav khoom qhov kev pheej hmoo. Nyob ntawm qhov project, cov ntaub ntawv pob yuav suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig noo noo, kuaj microbiological, cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg cov tshuaj tua kab, kev tswj hwm mycotoxin, cov lus qhia ua xua lossis lwm yam pov thawj pom zoo. Tsab xov xwm tsis tuaj yeem sau ib pob thoob ntiaj teb vim tias cov cai, cov khoom tsim thiab cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb txawv. RFQ yuav tsum sau npe cov kev xeem, cov hau kev lossis cov ntaub ntawv lees paub es tsis thov rau "txhua daim ntawv pov thawj."
Traceability yuav tsum txuas keeb kwm mus rau lub lag luam ntau
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm keeb kwm tseem ceeb tsuas yog thaum nws tuaj yeem txuas nrog cov khoom yuav khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv taug kev yuav tsum qhia cov khoom ntiag tug, ntau lossis batch code, xyoo qoob loo, tshaj tawm lub tebchaws thiab, qhov twg xav tau, thaj av lossis qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Yog tias cov khoom lag luam tau rov ntim dua lossis sib xyaw, tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum nkag siab tias yuav ua li cas thiaj li tswj tau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawd.
Cov ntawv cim khoom, daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, cov ntaub ntawv phytosanitary, daim ntawv pov thawj organic thiab cov ntaub ntawv xeem teb cov lus nug sib txawv. Daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb tsis ua pov thawj kernel xim lossis ya raws. Daim ntawv ceeb toom kuaj tsis tas ua pov thawj qhov chaw ua liaj ua teb. Daim ntawv pov thawj organic tsis hloov cov khoom specification. Yog li kev yuav khoom yuav tsum qhia txhua qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nws.
Kev hloov pauv kuj xav tau kev tswj hwm. Yog tias tus neeg muag khoom hloov lwm lub xeev, cov qoob loo, xyoo qoob loo, ntim khoom lossis chaw cia khoom tom qab tau txais kev pom zoo, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qib, cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum raug tshuaj xyuas. Lub teb chaws pom zoo ib leeg yog dav dhau los tswj cov khoom hloov pauv.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Ntsuas Tuam Tshoj- Keeb Kwm Walnuts rau Ib Qhov Kev Pabcuam Loj
Tuam Tshoj yog lub teb chaws tsim cov walnut loj, tab sis tus neeg yuav khoom tseem xav tau cov khoom lag luam txhais. Shanshui txiv ntoo Organic China Walnuts hauv Plhaub nplooj ntawv muab ib qho khoom taw qhia rau cov neeg yuav khoom soj ntsuam Tuam Tshoj-hauv paus khoom. Qhov thib ob siv, Bulk Whole Walnuts hauv Plhaub, pab thav duab ntau dua nyob rau hauv-plhaub yuav tsum tau.
Tsis yog lub npe khoom yuav tsum hloov qhov kev txiav txim tam sim no. Qhov kev nug yuav tsum thov cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm tseeb, xyoob qoob loo, qhov loj me, lub plhaub thiab cov qauv kev lees paub, cov qauv hauv paus, ntim, ntau coding thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj. Thaum cov txheej txheem organic yuav tsum tau, paub meej tias daim ntawv pov thawj tam sim no, cov peev txheej, cov khoom sib txuas thiab kev lees paub hauv lub khw muag khoom ua ntej kho nws raws li kev lees paub kev lag luam.
Tib txoj kev qhuab qhia yog siv thaum tus neeg yuav khoom tom qab hloov los ntawm hauv-plhaub walnuts mus rau kernels. Plhaub qhov loj thiab qhov zoo li yuav muaj teeb meem tsawg dua, thaum xim, ib nrab feem pua, kev faib khoom thiab kev tswj lub plhaub tawg ua qhov tseem ceeb dua. Daim ntawv tsim khoom tshiab xav tau nws tus kheej cov qauv thiab cov ntaub ntawv lees paub txawm tias lub tebchaws ntawm keeb kwm tseem tsis hloov pauv.
Thaum twg tus neeg yuav khoom xav tau ib lub hauv paus pib dua lwm tus?
Ib qho kev nyiam hauv keeb kwm yog tsim nyog thaum nws raug khi rau qhov xav tau tiag tiag. Tus neeg xa khoom tuaj yeem xav tau cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv lub tebchaws. Ib tug processor yuav muaj kev pom zoo cultivar los yog sensory benchmark. Tus neeg xa khoom tuaj yeem xav tau ib lub qhov rais sau qoob, kev kho tus nqi, txoj kev phytosanitary lossis cov neeg siv khoom pom zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, keeb kwm yog ib feem ntawm cov specification thiab yuav tsum tau hais kom meej.
Qhov kev nyiam ua tsis muaj zog thaum nws tsuas yog nyob ntawm lub koob npe nrov. Yog tias qhov kev txiav txim siab tiag tiag yog hais txog lub teeb xim xim, loj hauv lub plhaub loj, cov qoob loo tam sim no, qib qis lossis ib pob tshwj xeeb, cov teb yuav tsum tau teev ncaj qha. Ib lub hauv paus sib txawv tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, thaum lub ntsiab lus tsis zoo los ntawm lub teb chaws nyiam yuav tsis tuaj yeem.
Cov lus pom zoo kuj hloov pauv thaum muab khoom txuas ntxiv tseem ceeb tshaj li ib qho keeb kwm. Ib lub chaw tsim khoom tuaj yeem pom zoo ob lub hauv paus chiv keeb tiv thaiv ib qho qauv, nrog kev hloov pauv kev ceeb toom thiab kev tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv lo. Ib txoj kab khw muag khoom hwm yuav hloov tau ib qho kev tshaj tawm keeb kwm thiab nruj dua kev taug qab. Tus qauv tsim khoom yuav tsum ua raws li cov khoom cog lus thiab kev pheej hmoo ua haujlwm.
Npaj ib qho Origin-Focused Walnut RFQ
Ua tiav RFQ txheeb xyuas cov tsiaj uas yuav tsum tau muaj, hauv-plhaub lossis ntsiav daim ntawv, lees txais lossis yuav tsum tau muaj keeb kwm, qoob loo xyoo, cov qoob loo yog tias muaj feem cuam tshuam, qhov loj me lossis cov khoom faib, xim, noo noo, qhov tsis xws luag, kev ua haujlwm, ntau, ntim, lo lus uas peb thiab npaj daim ntawv thov zaub mov. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau hais txog cov qauv yuav tsum tau ua, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau kev ntshuam, kev pom zoo rau cov neeg siv khoom lossis kev txhawb nqa daim ntawv lo.
Nug tus neeg muag khoom kom xa rov qab qhov tseeb muaj keeb kwm thiab thaj chaw uas muaj, xyoob qoob loo, cov khoom lag luam, qib kev lag luam, kev ua thiab ntim qhov chaw, ntau qhov tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm, cov qauv kev sib raug zoo rau kev tsim khoom, ntim hauv paus, kev taw qhia cia thiab ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm qhov kev thov. Yog tias ib daim teb tsis raug tswj lossis tsis tuaj yeem sau tseg, cov lus teb yuav tsum hais ua ntej yuav kev pom zoo.
Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov nplooj ntawv cuam tshuam cov khoom, xa cov keeb kwm, qoob loo-xyoo, specification, ntim thiab cov ntaub ntawv xav tau los ntawm lub Shanshui txiv ntseej nug daim ntawv. Qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum yog ntau theem kev sib tham: qhov twg walnuts tau loj hlob, yuav ua li cas cov khoom siv tau ua tiav thiab khaws cia, tus qauv piv txwv li cas, thiab seb cov pov thawj txhawb nqa tus neeg yuav khoom li cas.
Cov lus nug ntau txog Walnut hlob tuaj
Puas yog walnuts loj hlob hauv California nkaus xwb?
Tsis yog. California yog thaj chaw tsim khoom lag luam loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tab sis walnuts kuj tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, Chile, Türkiye, Iran, Ukraine, European lub teb chaws, Is Nrias teb thiab Central Asia.
Puas yog lub tebchaws ntawm keeb kwm txiav txim siab Walnut zoo?
Tsis yog. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb cuam tshuam rau cov qoob loo uas muaj, qoob loo daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab cov khoom siv, tab sis kev lag luam zoo nyob ntawm qib uas tau teev tseg, kev sau qoob loo, ziab, sorting, khaws cia, ntim thiab ntau yam.
Qhov twg walnut keeb kwm yog freshest?
Tsis muaj lus teb tas mus li. Freshness nyob ntawm xyoo qoob loo, hnub sau qoob, khaws cia, shelling los yog ntim hnub, thauj thiab cov khoom muaj hnub nyoog. Sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb Hemisphere sau qoob loo tsim cov qhov rais sib txawv, tab sis ntau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov qauv yuav tsum txiav txim siab.
